Efficacy of Curcumin on Cognitive Function Scores in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome and Dysmenorrhea: A Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the efficacy of a curcumin supplementation on cognitive abilities in women suffering from premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and dysmenorrhea.@*METHODS@#A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted from December 2019 to March 2020. A total of 124 women who had both PMS and dysmenorrhea were enrolled, and were equally and randomly assigned to the curcumin group or placebo group, 62 cases in each. Each subject received either a capsule containing 500 mg of curcuminoid, or a placebo daily, for 10 days (7 days before and until 3 days after the onset of menstrual bleeding) over 3 menstrual cycles. The cognitive abilities questionnaire was used to measures cognitive functions in 7 specific areas. Adverse reactions were monitored during and after the trial in both groups.@*RESULTS@#Administration of curcumin was associated with a significant increase in memory score (P=0.002), inhibitory control and selective attention (P=0.020), and total cognitive ability task (P=0.024). In addition, significant increments were found in scores of memory (3.5±3.1 vs. 0.4±3.8 in the curcumin and placebo groups, respectively; P=0.035), inhibitory control and selective attention (3.0±3.7 vs. 0.4±3.7; P=0.027) and total cognitive abilities (8.3±12.3 vs. 2.2±12.4; P=0.025) in the curcumin group versus placebo groups. Curcumin was safe and well-tolerable in current clinical trial.@*CONCLUSION@#Curcumin has a beneficial efficacy on cognitive function scores in women with PMS and dysmenorrhea, with improvements in memory, inhibitory control and selective attention. (Registration No. IRCT20191112045424N1, available at: https://www.irct.ir ).

Quality of life among university students with premenstrual syndrome / Qualidade de vida entre estudantes universitárias com síndrome pré-mesntrual

Abstract Objective To evaluate the quality of life among university students with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculdade Pernambucana de Saúde, in Recife, Brazil, between August 2016 and July 2017. Sociodemographic, gynecological, and lifestyle variables, and PMS occurrence, were investigated among 642 students. The short form of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL Bref) questionnaire was used to evaluate four domains of the quality of life of the students: physical, mental, social relationships, and environmental. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' criteria were used to define PMS. Results Of the 642 students, 49.9% had PMS, 23.3% had mild PMS and 26.6% had premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Most of the students were between 18 and 24 years old, had regular menstrual cycles, and practiced physical activity. Regarding the physical and mental domains of the WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire, a statisticallysignificant difference was observed between the students who did not have and those who had mild or PMDD (p < 0.001). A difference was also found between the students who did not have PMS and those who had mild PMS in the social relationships (p = 0.001) and environmental domains (p = 0.009). Conclusion Mild PMS and PMDD are prevalent among university students on healthrelated courses, and the syndrome can affect the students' self-assessment of all the domains of quality of life.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade de vida entre estudantes universitárias com síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM). Métodos Foi realizadoum estudo transversal na Faculdade Pernambucana de Saúde, em Recife, no período de agosto de 2016 a julho de 2017. Foram investigadas variáveis sociodemográficas, ginecológicas, estilo de vida e a ocorrência de SPM entre 642 estudantes. Foi utilizada a forma abreviada do questionário de Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL Bref, na sigla em inglês) para avaliar quatro domínios da qualidade de vida: físico, mental, social e meio ambiente. Para a definição de SPM, foramconsiderados os critérios do Colégio Americano de Obstetras e Ginecologistas. Resultados Das 642 estudantes, 49,9% apresentaram SPM, sendo 23,3% SPM na forma leve e 26,6%, transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual (TDPM). A maioria das estudantes tinha entre 18 e 24 anos de idade, possuia ciclosmenstruais regulares e praticava atividade física. Em relação aos domínios físico e mental do WHOQOL-Bref, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre as estudantes que não apresentavam SPM e as que apresentavam SPM, tanto a forma leve quanto o TDPM (p < 0,001). Também foi encontrada diferença no domínio "relações sociais" e "meio ambiente" entre aquelas que não tiveramTPMe as que tiveramTPMleve (p = 0,001 e p = 0,009, respectivamente). Conclusão A SPM leve e o TDPM têm alta prevalencia entre estudantes universitárias da área de saúde e pode influenciar a autoavaliação das estudantes em todos os domínios da qualidade de vida.

Relationship between premenstrual syndrome and basic personality traits: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Although many studies have investigated premenstrual syndrome and related factors, there is still only a limited number of studies investigating the relationship between premenstrual syndrome and basic personality traits. This study was conducted to investigate the association between premenstrual syndrome and basic personality traits among university students. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analytical study conducted in a city in western Turkey. METHODS: The Premenstrual Syndrome Scale, the Basic Personality Traits Scale and a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics developed by the present researchers were applied to 490 female students at the College of Health Sciences of a state university. RESULTS: Premenstrual syndrome was more common among students living in rural areas (65.1%), students with chronic diseases (74.1%), students who suffered from menstrual cramps (61.1%), students who used cigarettes (72.1%) and students with alcohol intake (65.5%). In the final model of the logistic regression analysis, presence of pain during the menstrual period increased the risk of presence of PMS by a factor of 1.554 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.033-2.336; P = 0.034) and high scores on the total basic personality traits scale increased it by a factor of 1.016 (95% CI: 1.002-1.030; P = 0.029). The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome was found to be higher among students who were less extrovert (P = 0.007) and less conscientious (P = 0.001); and among students with higher neuroticism (P = 0.000) and negative valance (P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that personality may be associated with premenstrual syndrome.

Influencia de la Actividad Física en la Sintomatología del Síndrome Premenstrual en universitarias / Influence of Physical Activity on Symptoms of the Syndrome Premenstrual in college girls

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de la actividad física en la sintomatología del síndrome premenstrual en un grupo de mujeres de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Concepción. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, realizado en 340 mujeres escogidas al azar de edades entre 18 a 27 años, estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Concepción. Se utilizaron instrumentos validados para población chilena, como los criterios para el diagnóstico del trastorno disfórico premenstrual DSM-IV-TR, la Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) para la medición del dolor y el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ) para la intensidad de esta. Los datos se obtuvieron por medio de encuestas autoadministradas y los resultados se analizaron mediante pruebas estadísticas. Resultados: Un 55,9% (n=190) presenta Síndrome premenstrual según los criterios utilizados. Los principales síntomas manifestados fueron: fatiga y falta de energía en un 64,7% (n=220), hipersensibilidad mamaria, cefalea e hinchazón en un 62,9% (n=214) y ansiedad, tensión, agobio y colapso en un 60,9% (n=207). Del total de encuestadas, el mayor porcentaje (42,6%) (n=145) realiza actividad física moderada. Al cruzar las variables de actividad física y la sintomatología del síndrome premenstrual se estableció que no existía relación entre ellas (valor p=0,605). Conclusiones: la actividad física no tiene influencia sobre la disminución de la sintomatología del síndrome premenstrual en la población estudiada.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Determine the influence of physical activity on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in females students of the Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción Campus in 2014 Methods: A cross sectional study was applied to 340 randomly selected women aged between 18-27 years old belonging to the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad de Concepción. Data were obtained through self-administered surveys and the results were analyzed by the respective statistical techniques. Results: Of the sample (n = 340), 55.9% (n = 190) had premenstrual syndrome according to the canon used. The main symptoms manifested were fatigue and lack of energy in 64.7% (n = 220), breast tenderness, headache and swelling in 62.9% (n = 214) and anxiety, stress, overwhelm and collapse into a 60.9% (n = 207). Of the total of the participants, the highest percentage (42.6%) (n = 145) performs moderate physical activity. When the variables of physical activity and premenstrual syndrome were crossed, was established that it did not exist relationship between them (p value = 0.605). Conclusions: With the obtaining and analyzing of the results, it seems that physical activity does not have major influence on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in the population studied.

Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) and association of PSST scores with health-related quality of life

Objective: To develop and validate a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST), a questionnaire used for the screening of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and of the most severe form of PMS, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). The PSST also rates the impact of premenstrual symptoms on daily activities. Methods: A consecutive sample of 801 women aged ≥ 18 years completed the study protocol. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and content validity of the Brazilian PSST were determined. The independent association of a positive screen for PMS or PMDD and quality of life determined by the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument-Abbreviated version (WHOQOL-Bref) was also assessed. Results: Of 801 participants, 132 (16.5%) had a positive screening for PMDD. The Brazilian PSST had adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.91) and test-retest reliability. The PSST also had adequate convergent/discriminant validity, without redundancy. Content validity ratio and content validity index were 0.61 and 0.94 respectively. Finally, a positive screen for PMS/PMDD was associated with worse WHOQOL-Bref scores. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PSST is a reliable and valid instrument to screen for PMS/PMDD in Brazilian women.

A Structural Equation Modeling on Premenstrual Syndrome in Adolescent Girls

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to construct a hypothetical structural model which explains the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in adolescent girls and to test the fitness with collected data. METHODS: The participants were 1,087 adolescent girls from 3 high schools and 5 middle schools in B city. Data were collected from July 3 to October 15, 2012 using self-reported questionnaires and were analyzed using PASW 18.0 and AMOS 16.0 programs. RESULTS: The overall fitness indices of hypothetical model were good (chi2 =1555, p<.001), chi2/df=4.40, SRMR=.04, GFI=.91, RMSEA=.05, NFI=.90, TLI=.91, CFI=.92, AIC=1717). Out of 16 paths, 12 were statistically significant. Daily hassles had the greatest impact on PMS in the adolescent girls in this model. In addition, PMS in adolescent girls was directly affected by menarche age, Body Mass Index (BMI), amount of menstruation, test anxiety, social support, menstrual attitude and femininity but not by academic stress. This model explained 27% of the variance in PMS in adolescent girls. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study suggest that nursing interventions to reduce PMS in adolescent girls should address their daily hassles, test anxiety, menstrual attitude and BMI. Also, social support from their parents, friends, and teachers needs to be increased.

Associação entre sintomas emocionais da tensão pré-menstrual e o risco de desenvolvimento de sintomas depressivos no pós-parto / Association between emotional symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and the risk of developing depressive symptoms in the postpartum period

Este estudo verificou a possível associação entre a situação emocional no pré-menstrual (TPM emocional) e risco de depressão puerperal. Foram estudadas 94 mulheres no pós-parto imediato na Maternidade do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, entre julho de 2011 e agosto de 2012. Foram aplicados questionários para avaliação da sintomatologia pré-menstrual e do Escore de Edimburgo relativo ao risco de desenvolvimento de depressão puerperal. O relato de três ou mais sintomas emocionais no pré-menstrual e a pontuação de 12 ou mais no escore de Edimburgo foram correlacionados pelo teste do qui-quadrado, considerando-se significativo p<0,05. Calculou-se o risco relativo (RR) de a sintomatologia emocional pré-menstrual associar-se ao mais alto risco de depressão puerperal. Houve significância entre as alterações emocionais e o RR de 3,78 diante de TPM emocional com risco aumentado de desenvolver depressão puerperal. É possível que ambas as situações tenham semelhança fisiopatológica na liberação de neurotransmissores afetados particularmente pelas variações hormonais que ocorrem em ambos os momentos. A TPM emocional bem caracterizada predispõe a elevado risco de depressão puerperal.

This study verified a possible association between emotional status in the pre-menstrual period (emotional PMS) and the risk of postnatal depression. Were included 94 women in the immediate postpartum period at the Maternity Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Hospital das Clinicas from July 2011 to August 2012. Questionnaires were used to assess pre-menstrual symptoms and to determine the Edinburgh Scale for the risk of developing postnatal depression. Reports of three or more emotional symptoms in the premenstrual period and a score of 12 or more in the Edinburgh Scale were correlated using chi-square test, with a p<0.05 considered for relevance. The Relative Risk (RR) for an association between emotional PMS and a higher risk of postnatal depression was calculated and considered significant. Emotional changes were associated to a 3.78 RR of emotional PMS and increased risk to develop postnatal depression. It is possible that both situations have pathophysiologic similarities in the release of neurotransmitters particularlyaffected by hormonal changes that happen in both the moments. A well-defined emotional PMS predisposes to increased risk of puerperal depression.

[Effect of foot reflexology on physical and psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome]

Premenstrual syndrome [PMS] is a set of physical, mental and behavioral symptoms with different severity that cause disorders in individual and social relationships. This syndrome occurs during luteal phase of menstrual cycle with complicated reasons. It is one of the most common disorders of childbearing ages. Because of unclear and complicated causes of this syndrome, different treatment methods have been presented. Reflexology is a non-drug method of prevention and treatment of premenstrual syndrome. It is an old, mild and non-invasive method, but there is not enough researches about its effect on symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. This research was carried out in order to determine the effect of foot reflexology on symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in students of dormitories of Jahrom University in 2011-12. This study was a single-blind controlled clinical trial of 90 students with premenstrual syndrome who were resident in dormitory of Jahrom University. The students were randomly divided into two groups of foot reflexology and control. Intensity of premenstrual syndrome was recorded by subjects in two cycles: pre - intervention cycle and intervention cycle. The tools of data gathering consisted of data gathering forms of temporary diagnosis of PMS, and Beck depression test. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in order to analyze data. There was no statistically significant difference between research variables such as age and menarche age, and the severity of the symptoms before intervention. The average reduction of general severity of PMS symptoms was 23.39% in foot reflexology group while it was -9.68% in the control group [p<0.0001]. There was signification difference between the average of physical and mental symptoms in reflexology group compared to the control group [p<0.0001]. It seems that, foot reflexology is effective in improvement of physical and metal symptoms of PMS. Therefore, it is possible to achieve a main midwifery aim which is to decrease the intensity of PMS symptoms by teaching this simple technique which doesn't need specialists in order to be done.

A construção da síndrome pré-menstrual / The social construction of premenstrual syndrome

Esta pesquisa visa problematizar a síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM) enquanto entidade biomédica a-histórica tornada evidente a partir do preenchimento de critérios diagnósticos. O ponto de partida é a hipótese de que o modelo biomédico de explicação da SPM incorpora e reproduz os padrões sociais vigentes que insistem em visões estereotipadas dos gêneros em função da diferenciação biológica dos sexos. A partir de uma reflexão sobre a construção do fato científico e da diferenciação biológica dos sexos. A partir de uma reflexão sobre a construção do fato científico e da preponderância do discurso biomédico na compreensão dos corpos, emoções e comportamentos femininos, analisamos as mudanças históricas ocorridas nessa visão considerada reducionista. No final do século XVIII e início do XIX, a 'essência' da feminilidade passou a ser localizada em substâncias químicas denominadas 'hormônios'. Desde então o organismo feminino tornou-se cada vez mais representado como controlado pelos hormônios, retificando a crença d que as mulheres são cíclicas e em determinados períodos, instáveis, irracionais e, portanto, não confiáveis. Essa ênfase nos hormônios coincide com a primeira descrição, em 1931, do que era chamado 'tensão pré-menstrual'. Na década de 1950, a terminologia mudou para síndrome pré-menstrual. Inicialmente foi compreeendida como diretamente produzida pelos hormônios femininos, mas não há evidência empírica que comprove esta hipótese. Após 80 anos de pesquisas, não se encontrou um marcador biológico ou teste bioquímico que possa ser utilizado para o diagnóstico. Os próprios critérios diagnósticos não são consensuais entre os pesquisadores, pois foram descritos mais de 200 sintomas que incidem de forma variada e inconstante. Não se conhece ainda o mecanismo etiopatogênico e alguns autores questionam a própria existência da síndrome enquanto entidade biomédica e apresentam visões feministas e sócio-culturais para a compreensão do fenômeno...

Passagens de idade: uma análise antropológica sobre as articulações entre o saber biomédico e o saber leigo no discurso de mulheres de camadas médias / The aging process: an anthropologic analysis of the associations between the biomedical knowledge and the lay knowledge in the discourse of the average female

Este trabalho se propõe ao estudo das articulações entre o saber biomédico e o saber leigo no discurso de mulheres de camadas médias urbanas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com idades compreendidas entre 40 e 60 anos. Toma como referência a produção sócioantropológica sobre gênero, corpo, menopausa, envelhecimento, bem como a que analisa a construção do fato científico. Atualmente é notável a crescente preeminência do discurso da biologia na determinação daquilo que seria da ordem do corpo feminino ou do masculino, o que certamente é perpassado por relações de gênero. A partir de uma perspectiva construcionista investiga o destaque conferido ao papel dos hormônios pela biomedicina, não apenas no funcionamento e na regulação do organismo da mulher, mas também no que diz respeito à forma pela qual ela irá vivenciar seu cotidiano. Além disso, busca apontar pistas na direção de problematizar a pregnância de certos dualismos como o que opõe o biológico ao social. Dualismos que revelam uma forma de organização binária hierárquica de pensamento, característica de nossa sociedade ocidental moderna. A noção de rede é um balizador importante para a compreensão mais ampla do pano de fundo do que informa as leituras vigentes acerca das ocorrências fisiológicas de mulheres e homens. Embora o campo investigado se apresente fluido e matizado, a intensidade do discurso hormonal biomédico se faz notar de modo potente nas narrativas, no que diz respeito aos corpos e às vidas das mulheres entrevistadas.

Impacto da síndrome pré-menstrual no estado de humor de atletas / Impact of premenstrual syndrome in the mood state of athletes

INTRODUÇÃO: Têm sido relatadas alterações negativas no estado de humor em algumas mulheres durante o ciclo menstrual, sobretudo naquelas que apresentam síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM). No entanto, existe uma lacuna na literatura a respeito das alterações no estado de humor durante o ciclo menstrual em atletas com SPM. OBJETIVO: Investigar o impacto da SPM no estado de humor de atletas ao longo do ciclo menstrual. MÉTODOS: Fizeram parte da amostra 57 atletas de diferentes esportes, de uma cidade do noroeste do Paraná. Utilizou-se um diário de sintomas, baseado nos critérios do American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (ACOG), 2000, e o questionário Profile of Mood States (POMS). As atletas utilizaram o diário e responderam ao questionário ao longo de dois ciclos menstruais. Para análise dos dados foram usados os testes de Shapiro Wilk, de Friedman, de Wilcoxon e o teste U de Mann-Whitney, adotando-se P < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que apenas atletas com SPM apresentaram aumento na alteração total de humor da última semana para o último dia, sendo a diferença significativa no primeiro ciclo menstrual (p = 0,019). CONCLUSÃO: A presença de SPM pode afetar o estado de humor de atletas, gerando alterações negativas no período pré-menstrual, especialmente no último dia antes da menstruação.

INTRODUCTION: Negative alterations in mood states have been related to some women through the menstrual cycle, mainly on those who show premenstrual syndrome (PMS). However, there is a gap in the literature about the alterations in the mood states during the menstrual cycle in athletes with PMS. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the impact of PMS in the mood state of athletes through the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Were part of the sample 57 athletes from different sports, from a northeast city of Paraná. As instruments were used a Symptoms Dairy, based on the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist criteria (ACOG), 2000, and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. The athletes answered the instruments through two menstrual cycles. For the data analysis were used the Shapiro-Wilk test, Friedman test, Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney test, adopting P < 0,05. RESULTS: It was verified that only athletes with PMS showed a raise in total humor alteration from the last week to the last day, with a significant difference on the 1º menstrual cycle (p = 0,019). CONCLUSION: The presence of PMS can affect the athletes' mood state, generating negative alterations in the pre-menstrual period, especially in the last day of menstruation.

Repercussões do transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual entre universitárias / Effects of premenstrual dysphoric disorder among college students

Introdução: O transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual (TDPM) é uma variante mais grave da síndrome pré-menstrual que apresenta a oscilação do humor como fator mais perturbador e debilitante, repercutindo na qualidade de vida das mulheres em idade reprodutiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as principais repercussões físicas e emocionais causadas pela TDPM entre universitárias de Fisioterapia. Método: Estudo do tipo corte transversal, descritivo e analítico, realizado no período de agosto a dezembro de 2008 em 259 universitárias. Os instrumentos utilizados para a realização desta pesquisa foram: um questionário contendo questões socioeconômicas, o Questionário de Sintomas Menstruais (Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire, MSQ), a escala de autoavaliação de síndrome de transtorno pré-menstrual de Steiner e o Questionário de Autoavaliação da Escala de Hamilton para Depressão. A análise estatística foi descritiva e analítica, sendo utilizado o teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, sendo que todas as conclusões foram tomadas ao nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Encontramos alta prevalência de repercussões somáticas e emocionais. Através dos sinais e sintomas pesquisados pelo MSQ entre as portadoras de TDPM, observou-se uma associação do transtorno com os sintomas depressivos (p = 0,048). Os demais sintomas como ansiedade, labilidade de humor, sintomas somáticos, habilidade para realizar tarefas e dor não apresentaram correlação. Conclusão: O TDPM provocou desconforto físico e emocional e revelou uma correlação significativa com os sintomas depressivos, sugerindo tratar-se de uma expressão clínica de transtorno de humor.

Background: Maternal premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe variant of premenstrual syndrome in which mood swings are the most disturbing and debilitating, affecting the quality of life of women of reproductive age. The objective of this study was to identify the main physical and emotional manifestations of PMDD among undergraduate students of Physical Therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study was carried between August and December 2008, with 259 undergraduate students. The following instruments were used: a questionnaire covering social and economic data; the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ); Steiner’s selfrated premenstrual syndrome questionnaire; and the Hamilton Self-Rating Depression Questionnaire. Descriptive and analytical statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Significance was set at 5%. Results: A high prevalence of physical and emotional symptoms was found. Among the signs and symptoms assessed by MSQ, only depression showed a significant correlation with PMDD (p = 0.048). Other symptoms, such as anxiety, mood lability, physical symptoms, the ability to perform daily tasks, and pain, were not correlated with PMDD. Conclusion: PMDD caused physical and emotional distress among the women assessed and was significantly correlated with depression. These findings suggest that PMDD should be classified as a clinical manifestation of mood disorders.

Premenstrual symptoms and syndrome according to age at menarche in a 1982 birth cohort in southern Brazil

Premenstrual symptoms and syndrome were studied in young women who have been followed since birth. Data were collected on the intensity of four symptoms: irritability, anxiety or stress, depressed mood, and affective lability. Premenstrual syndrome was defined according to intensity of symptoms. Association between age at menarche and premenstrual symptoms and syndrome were investigated through Poisson regression. Adjusted analysis was conducted, controlling for possible confounding factors. The symptoms most frequently reported by the women from the 1982 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, birth cohort who were interviewed in 2004-2005 were: irritability (52.3 percent) and anxiety (40.2 percent). The prevalence rates for moderate and severe premenstrual syndrome were 13.4 percent and 5.8 percent, respectively. Mean age at menarche was 12.4 (± 1.5) years. Prevalence rates for symptoms and premenstrual syndrome were higher in women whose age at menarche was less than 11 years, but this difference was not statistically significant. Information on symptoms and premenstrual syndrome is scarce in other studies.

Os sintomas e a síndrome pré-menstrual foram estudados em mulheres jovens acompanhadas desde seu nascimento. Foram coletadas informações sobre intensidade de quatro sintomas: irritabilidade; ansiedade ou tensão; humor deprimido e labilidade emocional. Síndrome pré-menstrual foi definida de acordo com a intensidade desses sintomas. A associação entre os sintomas e a síndrome pré-menstrual com a idade da menarca foi investigada por meio de regressão de Poisson, ajustando para possíveis fatores de confusão. Em 76 por cento das mulheres da coorte de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1982, que foram acompanhadas até 2004-2005 os sintomas mais freqüentes foram: irritabilidade e ansiedade. A prevalência de síndrome pré-menstrual foi de 13,4 por cento e 5,8 por cento nas intensidades moderada e severa, respectivamente. A idade média da menarca foi de 12,4 (± 1,5) anos. A prevalência dos sintomas pré-menstruais foi mais alta nas mulheres com menarca antes dos 11 anos, mas estas diferenças não foram estatisticamente significativas. Informações sobre sintomas pré-menstruais e síndrome pré-menstrual são escassas em outros estudos populacionais.

Effect of '61-points relaxation technique' on stress parameters in premenstrual syndrome.

Premenstrual Syndrome is a psychoneuroendocrine stress related disorder and more than 300 treatment modalities for PMS show that the existing remedies have not provided satisfactory help to relieve PMS. 61-points relaxation exercise (61-PR), a relatively less known hatha yoga technique, is a successful means of stress relaxation and is expected to relieve PMS as well. The present study was conducted on 50 clinically healthy women volunteers who were in their reproductive age group and in their premenstrual period, from which a control group (n = 20) and a PMS group (n = 30) based on the symptoms were identified. In both groups basal heart rate (HR/min), systolic (SBP; mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; mmHg), electromyogram (EMG; mV), electrodermal galvanic activity (EDG; microv), respiratory rate (RR/min) and peripheral temperature (T; degrees F) were recorded and the subjects were taken through a guided 61-PR. The symptoms and parameters were re-recorded after the 61-PR. In control group, the basal HR was 82.06 +/- 8.07, SBP 111.95 +/- 8.23, DBP 76.8 +/- 6.42, EMG 4.08 +/- 2.99, EDG 9.77 +/- 3.29, RR 15.60 +/- 3.77 and T was 97.86 +/- 0.63. After 10 minutes of 61-PR, HR (77.27 +/-10.85, P < 0.05), SBP (107.35 +/- 7.41, P < 0.05), DBP (75.25 +/-7.57, P < 0.05), EMG (2.07 +/- 1.90, P < 0.05), EDG (8.06 +/- 2.87, P < 0.05), RR (16.00 +/- 4.12, P < 0.05) fell significantly and T (97.97 +/- 0.64, P > 0.05) rose significantly. In the PMS group, the basal HR was 90.61 +/- 8.46, SBP 122.5 +/- 11.52, DBP 83.53 +/- 8.26, EMG 5.79 +/-2.75, EDG 13.14 +/- 6.54, RR 19.13 +/- 3.76 and T was 93.43 -/+ 5.29. After 10 minutes of 61-PR, HR (75.58 +/- 10.11, P < 0.0001), SBP (114.53 +/- 9.70, p < 0.0001), DBP (77.46 +/- 8.68, P < 0.0001), EMG (2.56 +/- 1.77, P < 0.0001), EDG (10.64 +/- 5.72, P < 0.0001), and RR (16.13 +/- 3.76, P < 0.0001) declined to a much greater extent and T (93.49 +/- 5.28, P < 0.0001) rose more significantly. These results suggest a reduction in sympathetic activity by 61-PR, also the high basal sympathetic tone present in subjects of PMS group due to stress is considerably reduced by relaxation. 61-PR is effective in providing relief from PMS and may be a useful adjuvant to medical therapy of PMS and other stress disorders.

Frequency, intensity and impact of premenstrual syndrome in medical students

To determine the frequency and severity of Premenstrual Syndrome [PMS] in medical college students, evaluate the impact of the condition on the quality of life and find out the associated risk factors. An observational study. Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan, from August to December 2006. Unmarried medical students aged 18-25 years with regular menstrual period for the last 06 months were recruited by convenience sampling. PMS-related data was collected on daily record of severity of problems [DRSP] for two prospective cycles. Health-related quality of life data was collected on medical outcome study Short Form 36 [Sf- 36] after taking informed consent from participants. Descriptive and inferential analysis was done by two-tailed t-test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Study participants [n=172] had mean age of 21.2 +/- 1.9 years. Eighty-nine [51%] girls met the criteria for PMS recording to ICD - 10, among them, 53 [59.5%] had mild PMS, 26 [29.2%] had moderate and 10 [11.2%] had severe PMS. Ten [5.8%] girls were found to have Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder [PMDD] according to DSM - IV criteria. The order of frequency of symptoms were anger, irritability, anxiety, tiredness, difficult concentration, mood swings and physical symptoms like breast tenderness and general body discomfort with great impairment in social life / activities and work efficiency/productivity. Dysmenorrhea [p=0.003] and family history of premenstrual syndrome [p <0.001] were significantly associated with premenstrual syndrome on univariate and multivariate analysis. Sf - 36 score on Mental Component Summary [MCS] and Physical Component Summary [PCS] were significantly lower in the affected group. Premenstrual syndrome is a common problem in young girls which adversely affects their educational performance and emotional well-being. Strategies should be adopted for detection and management of PMS in young girls

Ciclo menstrual e consumo de alimentos / Menstrual cycle and food consumption / Ciclo menstrual y el consumo de alimentos

Objetivou-se neste trabalho, avaliar o consumo alimentar de mulheres durante as fases folicular e lútea do ciclo menstrual e estabelecer as possíveis relações entre a ingestão alimentar e os sintomas da Síndrome Pré-Menstrual. Foram investigadas 30 alunas dos cursos de Pós-Graduação da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, por meio de registro alimentar de três dias, sendo um de final de semana, durante as fases folicular e lútea. Na lútea, aplicou-se um questionário de sintomas pré-menstruais. Os dados foram avaliados no programa SPSS 14 for Windows. O consumo energético, de carboidratos e lipídios, foi significativamente maior na fase lútea (p<0,0001). Os sintomas da Síndrome Pré-Menstrual ocorreram em 96,7% da amostra investigada, sendo que 63,4% apresentaram manifestação severa e 3,3% leve. Os sintomas emocionais foram os mais citados pela amostra (93,3%). O apetite foi maior na fase pré-menstrual em 53,3% das participantes e 43,3% relataram ter vontade de comer alimentos doces neste período. Não foram encontradas correlações entre o consumo alimentar (energético e de macronutrientes) e a manifestação de sintomas. A partir destes resultados, acredita-se que exista interferência do ciclo ovariano sobre o comportamento alimentar. Assim, sugere-se a realização de pesquisas com maior amostragem, a fim de verificar a estreita relação entre o consumo alimentar e a manifestação de sintomas da Síndrome Pré-Menstrual.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dietary intake of women during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle and establish the possible relationship between food intake and symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome. We investigated 30 female students of graduate courses at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, through three days of food records, one weekend during the follicular and luteal phases. In the luteal, applied a questionnaire to premenstrual symptoms. The data were analyzed using SPSS 14 for Windows. The energy consumption of carbohydrates and lipids, was significantly higher in the luteal phase (p <0.0001). The symptoms of premenstrual syndrome occurred in 96.7% of the investigated sample, and 63.4% had severe outbreak and 3.3% mild. The emotional symptoms were the most cited by the sample (93.3%). The appetite was higher in the premenstrual phase in 53.3% and 43.3% of participants reported having cravings for sweet foods in this period. No correlation was found between dietary intake (energy and nutrients) and the manifestation of symptoms. From these results, we believe that there is interference of the ovarian cycle on feeding behavior. Thus, it is suggested to conduct research using larger samples to verify the close relationship between food consumption and manifestation of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la ingesta alimentaria de las mujeres durante las fases folicular y lútea del ciclo menstrual y establecer la posible relación entre la ingesta de alimentos y los síntomas del Síndrome Premenstrual. Se investigaron 30 alumnas de los cursos de postgrado en la Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina, a través de tres días a partir de los registros de alimentos, un fin de semana durante las fases folicular y luteínica. En la fase lútea, aplicó un cuestionario a los síntomas premenstruales. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el programa SPSS 14 para Windows. El consumo de energía de los carbohidratos y lípidos, fue significativamente mayor en la fase lútea (p <0,0001). Los síntomas del síndrome premenstrual se produjo en el 96,7% de la muestra investigada, y 63.4% tenían brote severo y el 3,3% leve. Los síntomas emocionales son los más citados por los encuestados (93,3%). El apetito es mayor en la fase premenstrual en el 53,3% y 43,3% de los participantes reportó haber antojos por alimentos dulces en este período. No se encontró correlación entre el consumo de la dieta (energía y nutrientes) y la manifestación de los síntomas. A partir de estos resultados, creemos que hay interferencia del ciclo ovárico en la conducta alimentaria. Por lo tanto, se sugiere llevar a cabo la investigación con muestras más grandes para comprobar la estrecha relación entre el consumo de alimentos y la manifestación de los síntomas del síndrome premenstrual.

Dimensionality of the premenstrual syndrome: confirmatory factor analysis of premenstrual dysphoric symptoms among college students

Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) seem to form a severity continuum with no clear-cut boundary. However, since the American Psychiatric Association proposed the research criteria for PMDD in 1994, there has been no agreement about the symptomatic constellation that constitutes this syndrome. The objective of the present study was to establish the core latent structure of PMDD symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Data concerning PMDD symptoms were obtained from 632 regularly menstruating college students (mean age 24.4 years, SD 5.9, range 17 to 49). For the first random half (N = 316), we performed principal component analysis (PCA) and for the remaining half (N = 316), we tested three theory-derived competing models of PMDD by confirmatory factor analysis. PCA allowed us to extract two correlated factors, i.e., dysphoric-somatic and behavioral-impairment factors. The two-dimensional latent model derived from PCA showed the best overall fit among three models tested by confirmatory factor analysis (c²53 = 64.39, P = 0.13; goodness-of-fit indices = 0.96; adjusted goodness-of-fit indices = 0.95; root mean square residual = 0.05; root mean square error of approximation = 0.03; 90 percentCI = 0.00 to 0.05; Akaike's information criterion = -41.61). The items "out of control" and "physical symptoms" loaded conspicuously on the first factor and "interpersonal impairment" loaded higher on the second factor. The construct validity for PMDD was accounted for by two highly correlated dimensions. These results support the argument for focusing on the core psychopathological dimension of PMDD in future studies.

Relationships Between Sex Role Identity, Health Promoting Behaviors, and Premenstrual Symptoms Among Female University Students / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The role of sex role identity types and health promoting behaviors in relation to premenstrual symptoms and interrelatedness among the three variables were examined. METHODS: A cross sectional descriptive study was employed with 327 female university students. KSRI, HPLP, and MDQ were used as measurement tools. RESULTS: Four types of sex role identities were classified; undifferentiated(33.7%), androgyny (32.7%), masculinity(16.8%), and femininity(16.8%) in order. Premenstrual symptoms(F=3.11, p= .027) and health promoting behaviors(F=12.74, p= .000) were significantly different by sex role identity types. As determinants of premenstrual symptoms, health promoting behaviors for all subjects, stress coping for the feminine type, and interpersonal relationships for the undifferentiated type were identified. In discriminating between the feminine type and undifferentiated type, premenstrual symptoms and self responsibility were shown as significant factors. CONCLUSION: Interrelatedness among sex role identity, health promoting behaviors and premenstrual symptoms imply the importance of a psychosocial aspect in premenstrual symptoms. Therefore, these three variables should be applied more specifically for nursing assessment and management of women having premenstrual symptoms.

Prevalência e gravidade de sintomas da síndrome pré-menstrual em reeducandas condenadas por crimes violentos / Prevalence and severity of premenstrual syndrome symptoms in arrested women condemned by violent crimes

Objetivo: Analisamos prevalência, intensidade e duração dos sintomas da síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM) entre as reeducandas condenadas por crimes violentos contra pessoas do presídio feminino Santa Luiza de Maceió. Métodos: Foi aplicado um questionário baseado nos critérios diagnósticos para SPM presentes na Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10) a 29 reeducandas. Foram avaliados os seguintes sintomas: depressão, dor nas costas, dor ou inchaço nas pernas, cefaléia, dor abdominal, mastalgia e irritabilidade. Resultados: Vinte reeducandas (67 porcento) apresentavam sintomas pré-menstruais de grave intensidade, que causavam prejuízos em suas atividades diárias, sendo caracterizadas como portadoras de SPM. Dessas, 80 porcento relataram irritabilidade, 70 porcento mastalgia, 66,6 porcento cefaléia e 56,6 porcento depressão. Dor e/ou inchaço nas pernas foram assinalados por 40 porcento, dor abdominal por 33,3 porcento e dor nas costas por 20 porcento. Os sintomas duravam de dois a cinco dias em 85 porcento das entrevistadas. Apenas 20 porcento acreditavam que a SPM poderia ter influenciado no cometimento de seus delitos. Conclusões: A maioria das entrevistadas (67 porcento) relatou pelo menos um sintoma de grave intensidade na fase pré-menstrual, sendo consideradas portadoras de SPM.

Objective: We analyzed the prevalence, intensity and duration of premenstrual symptoms (PMS) among women who had committed violent crimes against people at feminine penitentiary Santa Luzia (Maceió-AL). Methods: A questionnaire based on the CID-10 diagnostic criteria of PMS was applied to 29 arrested women. Some symptoms like depression, back pain, pain or swelling in the legs, headache, abdominal pain, breast tenderness, and irritability were studied in more detail. Results: Twenty arrested women (67%) reported high and severe symptoms, which had caused harm to their daily routine. These women were considered as having PMS. In this group, 80% reported irritability, 70% breast tenderness, 66,6% headache and 56.6% depression. Pain or swelling in the legs was reported by 40%. Abdominal pain was reported by 33.3% and back pain by 20%. The duration of the symptoms was about two to five days for 85% of the interviewees. Only 20% of respondents found that PMS could have been associated with the crime commitment. Conclusions: The majority of the interviewed woman (67%) told at least one symptom of serious intensity in the premenstrual phase, being considered as having PMS.